Volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuur in winkelsentrums in Pretoria

Although sustainable facility management is increasingly gaining recognition in developing countries and is implemented in new buildings, in particular, hardly any information is available regarding sustainable practices in facility management that are applied locally in South Africa, and particularly in Pretoria. In this article, five key areas for sustainable facility management in shopping centres are investigated, namely energy consumption, water consumption, materials and resource management, internal environment quality management, and location management. This study also established which sustainable facility management strategies and methods are currently being applied and what perceptions property managers in shopping centres in Pretoria have regarding sustainable facility management. Questionnaires and one-on-one interviews with property managers and centre managers and owners were employed to obtain qualitative information such as the perceptions and knowledge of the respondents, as well as quantitative information such as quantities and percentages. The sample and data collected for the study are limited to shopping malls in Pretoria with a commercial area of 10 000m² or more, which yielded a total of 69 shopping centres. Completed questionnaires were returned by approximately a quarter of the total sample population, representing a lettable area of 765 835m2 and 1 663 stores. Nearly 90% of the respondents indicated that the ‘property’ management function is done internally, compared with over 94% that internally manage the ‘facility’ management function. It was found that sustainable facility management practices are being applied in shopping centres in Pretoria, but that there is a clear preference for widely applied practices that lead to financial savings. Practices that contribute to social and environmental objectives are applied to a much lesser extent, due to the perception that such practices do not result in financial savings or contribute to the management of the centres and are, therefore, regarded as less important. *This article is written in Afrikaans

The Impact of Log Moisture Content on Chip Size Distribution When Processing Eucalyptus Pulpwood

Chip moisture content and especially its uniformity impact kraft pulping. However, the effect of pulp log moisture content on chip quality during chip production is not well known. Chip size distribution is important in kraft pulping as it impacts chemical use, pulp quality and recovery. This study investigated the influence of two pulp log drying periods (1 and 2 weeks) on chip moisture content and chip size distribution when chipping eucalypt pulp logs. In addition, the effect of three log classes (base, middle and top logs) on chip moisture content and chip size distribution were also analysed. Within the respective log classes, moisture content of chips produced from logs dried for 2 weeks was 5.5% to 13.2% lower than moisture content of chips produced from logs dried for 1 week. Chip moisture content also decreased with decreasing log size for both log drying periods. One week dried logs produced chips with 1.0% less over-thick chips than 2 week dried logs (1.5% versus 2.5%). One week dried logs also produced chips with 4.2% to 7.2% less accepts than chips produced from 2 week dried logs within respective log classes. Across both drying periods, over-thick chip production increased with decreasing log size, while the amount of accepts produced decreased with decreasing log size. Logs dried for 2 weeks produced chips with significantly less under-sized chips than logs dried for 1 week. Two week dried logs produced chips with 4.4% to 7.7% less pins and 0.7% to 1.0% less fines than 1 week dried logs within respective log classes. For both log drying periods, the amount of under-sized chips produced increased with decreasing log size

The Impact of Log Moisture Content on Chip Size Distribution When Processing Eucalyptus Pulpwood

Chip moisture content and especially its uniformity impact kraft pulping. However, the effect of pulp log moisture content on chip quality during chip production is not well known. Chip size distribution is important in kraft pulping as it impacts chemical use, pulp quality and recovery. This study investigated the influence of two pulp log drying periods (1 and 2 weeks) on chip moisture content and chip size distribution when chipping eucalypt pulp logs. In addition, the effect of three log classes (base, middle and top logs) on chip moisture content and chip size distribution were also analysed. Within the respective log classes, moisture content of chips produced from logs dried for 2 weeks was 5.5% to 13.2% lower than moisture content of chips produced from logs dried for 1 week. Chip moisture content also decreased with decreasing log size for both log drying periods. One week dried logs produced chips with 1.0% less over-thick chips than 2 week dried logs (1.5% versus 2.5%). One week dried logs also produced chips with 4.2% to 7.2% less accepts than chips produced from 2 week dried logs within respective log classes. Across both drying periods, over-thick chip production increased with decreasing log size, while the amount of accepts produced decreased with decreasing log size. Logs dried for 2 weeks produced chips with significantly less under-sized chips than logs dried for 1 week. Two week dried logs produced chips with 4.4% to 7.7% less pins and 0.7% to 1.0% less fines than 1 week dried logs within respective log classes. For both log drying periods, the amount of under-sized chips produced increased with decreasing log size

Volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuur in winkelsentrums in Pretoria

Alhoewel volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuur toenemend erkenning in ontwikkelende lande geniet en in veral nuwe geboue geïmplementeer word, is daar min inligting beskikbaar oor volhoubare praktyke in fasiliteitsbestuur wat plaaslik in Suid-Afrika, en veral in Pretoria, toegepas word. In hierdie artikel word vyf belangrike gebiede vir volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuur in winkelsentrums ondersoek, naamlik energieverbruik, watergebruik, materiaal- en hulpbronbestuur, interne omgewingskwaliteitbestuur en liggingsbestuur. Verder is daar vasgestel watter volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuurstrategieë en -metodes tans op hierdie gebiede toegepas word asook watter persepsies by eiendomsbestuurders oor volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuur in winkelsentrums in Pretoria bestaan. Vir doeleindes van hierdie studie was alle winkelsentrums in Pretoria met ’n handelsoppervlakte van 10 000m² of groter geïdentifiseer. ’n Totaal van 69 winkelsentrums het aan die vereiste minimum grootte voldoen. Vraelyste asook een-tot-een onderhoude met eiendoms- en sentrumbestuurders is gebruik om die toepassing van volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuur te karakteriseer. Waar die winkelsentrums deur die eienaars self bestuur word, is onderhoude ook met die eienaars gevoer. Voltooide vraelyste is van sowat ’n kwart van die totale steekproefpopulasie, verteenwoordigend van ’n verhuurbare oppervlakte van 765 835m2 en 1 663 winkels terug ontvang. Byna 90% van die respondente het aangedui dat die ‘eiendomsbestuurs’funksie intern uitgevoer word, teenoor meer as 94% wat die ‘fasiliteitsbestuurs’funksie intern bestuur. Daar is bevind dat volhoubare fasiliteitsbestuurspraktyke wel toegepas word in winkelsentrums in Pretoria, maar dat daar ’n duidelike voorkeur bestaan vir praktyke wat lei tot finansiële besparings, welke praktyke dan ook algemeen toegepas word. Praktyke wat bydra tot sosiale en omgewingsdoelwitte word tot ’n veel mindere mate toegepas, as gevolg van die persepsie dat sulke praktyke nie lei tot finansiële besparings of bydra tot die bestuur van die sentrums nie en dus as minder belangrik geag word.Although sustainable facility management is increasingly gaining recognition in developing countries and is implemented in new buildings, in particular, hardly any information is available regarding sustainable practices in facility management that are applied locally in South Africa, and particularly in Pretoria. In this article, five key areas for sustainable facility management in shopping centres are investigated, namely energy consumption, water consumption, materials and resource management, internal environment quality management, and location management. This study also established which sustainable facility management strategies and methods are currently being applied and what perceptions property managers in shopping centres in Pretoria have regarding sustainable facility management. Questionnaires and one-on-one interviews with property managers and centre managers and owners were employed to obtain qualitative information such as the perceptions and knowledge of the respondents, as well as quantitative information such as quantities and percentages. The sample and data collected for the study are limited to shopping malls in Pretoria with a commercial area of 10 000m² or more, which yielded a total of 69 shopping centres. Completed questionnaires were returned by approximately a quarter of the total sample population, representing a lettable area of 765 835m2 and 1 663 stores. Nearly 90% of the respondents indicated that the ‘property’ management function is done internally, compared with over 94% that internally manage the ‘facility’ management function. It was found that sustainable facility management practices are being applied in shopping centres in Pretoria, but that there is a clear preference for widely applied practices that lead to financial savings. Practices that contribute to social and environmental objectives are applied to a much lesser extent, due to the perception that such practices do not result in financial savings or contribute to the management of the centres and are, therefore, regarded as less important.http://www.journals.co.za/content/journal/structam2018Construction Economic

Uniform multiconductor transmission lines above a dissipative earth : direct FDTD analysis and experimental validation

Dissertation Ph.D(Ing) -- University of Stellenbosch, 1998.One copy microfiche.Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record

A neoformalist analysis of the intersections of cinematic technique and musical performance

Abstract: Please refer to full text to view abstract.M.A. (Audiovisual Communication

Experiments on electromagnetic fields and waves

Thesis (M. Ing.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 1995

The impact of mechanical log surface damage on fibre loss and chip quality when processing Eucalyptus pulpwood using a single-grip harvester

Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mechanised harvesting operations are growing in popularity in South Africa, as motor-manual and manual harvesting operations pose significant health and safety risks to workers. Potential damage inflicted by single grip harvester feed rollers and delimbing knives on the log surface during debranching and debarking eucalypts, may affect fibre recovery and chip quality. Chip quality is important as it influences pulp quality and recovery in the kraft pulping process. The study investigated the influence of two mechanised debarking treatments in eucalypts (three feed roller passes and five feed roller passes along the stem surface) with feed roller induced log surface damage on chip uniformity, size, purity and wood fibre loss. The two mechanised treatments were compared against chips produced from manually debarked logs. In addition, the effect of two log drying periods (one week and two weeks) and three log sections (base, middle and top logs) on chip quality were also analysed. An economic evaluation was conducted to quantify potential recoverable pulp value losses associated with debarking treatments and log drying periods. Logs subject to manual debarking produced significantly less undesired sized chips than both three pass and five pass mechanically debarked logs. Potential recoverable pulp revenue for chips produced from five pass and three pass mechanically debarked logs were valued at R 60.54 BDt-1 and R 50.90 BDt-1 less than wood chips produced from manually debarked logs. Two week dried logs produced significantly less under-sized chips than chips produced from one week dried logs. However, two week dried logs produced wood chips with significantly more over-thick chips than logs dried for one week. The volume of undesirable sized chips produced during chipping increased with decreasing log size. Potential recoverable pulp revenue for chips produced from one week dried logs were valued at R 137.90 BDt-1 less than chips produced from two week dried logs. Manually debarked logs produced chips with significantly less bark content than three pass mechanically debarked logs (0.008 % vs 0.062 %). Five pass mechanically debarked logs produced chips with significantly less bark content than three pass mechanically debarked logs (0.018 % vs 0.062 %). Middle logs also produced chips with significantly less bark content than base logs (0.016 % vs 0.056 %). Top logs produced chips with significant less bark content than base logs (0.017 % vs 0.056 %). In all cases the bark content was considerably less than the maximum of 1.0 % generally specified by kraft pulp mills. Both three pass and five pass mechanically debarked trees caused significant fibre losses of 2.6 m3 ha-1 and 5.1 m3 ha-1 respectively. Wood fibre losses in terms of total extractable wood volume for three and five pass mechanically debarked trees were 0.8 % and 1.6 % respectively.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meganiese-houtontginningsoperasies is besig om te groei in populariteit omdat ontginnings operasies (waar ontginning en ontbassing met die hand toegepas word) geweldige gesondheids-en veligheidsrisiko’s tot gevolg het. Potensiële skade aan die oppervlakte van stompe, veroorsaak deur enkelgreepontginnerdeurvoeringsrollers en onttakkingsmesse tydens onttakking en ontbassing van eucalypts, mag ‘n invloed hê op die hoeveelheid houtvesel wat verlore gaan sowel as aan die kwaliteit van die houtskyfies. Die produksie van goeie kwaliteit houtskyfies is belangrik, omdat dit die kwaliteit en omset van die pulp tydens die “kraft” pulpproses sal beïnvloed. Die studie het die invloed van twee meganiese ontginningbehandelings van die eucalypts (waar die deurvoeringsrollers drie keer oor die stomp oppervlakte beweeg het en waar die deurvoeringsrollers vyf keer oor die stomp oppervlakte beweeg het), en die skade wat aan stompoppervlaktes aangerig is deur die ontginnerdeurvoeringsrollers, ondersoek. Die studie ondersoek hoe die ontginningbehandelings die grootte, uniformiteit en suiwerheid van houtskyfies beïnvloed asook die hoeveelheid houtvesel wat verlore gaan tydens hierdie behandeling(e). Die houtskyfies wat geproduseer is tydens die meganiese-ontginde stompe is vergelyk met die houtskyfies wat geproduseer is van stompe wat met die hand ontbas is. Die studie ondersoek ook twee afsonderlike stompdrogingsperiodes (stompe wat afsonderlik gedroog is vir een en twee weke) en drie verkillende stompporsies van die boom (basis-, middel-en topstompe) en hoe dit die kwaliteit van die geproduseerde houtskyfies beïnvloed. ‘n Ekonomiese analise is toegepas op die potensiële finasiële waarde van pulp wat verlore gaan a.g.v. verskillende ontbassingstegnieke en stompdrogingsperiodes. Stompe wat met die hand ontbas is, het opmerklik minder onder-grootte houtskyfies (te klein vir pulpproduksie) geproduseer in vergelyking met die stompe wat meganies ontbas is (waar die deurvoeringsroller buide drie en vyf keer oor die stomp oppervlakte beweeg het). Potensiële finansiële inkomste deur die ontginbare pulp van houtskyfies geproduseer deur die meganiese ontbaste stompe (waar deurvoerings rollers beide vyf en drie keer oor die stomp se oppervlakte beweeg het), het ‘n waarde van R 60.54 BDt-1 en R 50.90 BDt-1 onderskeidelik gelewer. Stompe wat gedroog is vir twee weke het opmerklik minder houtskyfies (te klein vir pulpproduksie) geproduseer as stompe wat vir een week gedroog is. Die hoeveelheid van ongewensde grootte houtskyfies wat geproduseer is, het toegeneem met ‘n afname in stompgrootte. Potensiële finansiële inkomste deur die ontginbare pulp van houtskyfies geproduseer deur die stompe wat vir een week gedroog is, beloop R 137.90 BDt-1 minder as houtskyfies wat geproduseer is van stompe wat vir twee weke gedroog is. Stompe wat met die hand ontbas is, het houtskyfies geproduseer met opmerklik minder basinhoud as houtskyfies wat geproduseer is van stompe wat meganies ontbas is (was waar die deurvoerings rollers drie keer oor die stomp oppervlakte beweeg het)(0.008 % teenoor 0.062 %). Houtskyfies wat geproduseer is van meganiese ontbaste stompe (waar die deurvoerings rollers vyf keer oor die stomp oppervlakte beweeg het), het ook opmerklik minder basinhoud gehad as houtskyfies wat geproduseer is van meganiese ontbaste stompe (waar die deurvoeringsrollers drie keer oor die stompoppervlakte beweeg het)(0.018 % teenoor 0.062 %). Houtskyfies geproduseer van middelporsiestompe het minder basinhoud gehad as houtskyfies geproduseer van basisporsiestompe (0.016 % teenoor 0.056 %). Topporsiestompe het ook houtskyfies geproduseer met minder basinhoud as basisporsiestompe (0.017 % teenoor 0.056 %). In al die bogenoemde gevalle is die houtskyfiebasinhoud geweldig laer as die houtskyfiebasinhoudspesifikasies van “kraft” pulp meule wat ‘n basinhoud van 1.0 % vereis. Beide meganiese-ontbassingstegnieke (waar deurvoeringsrollers beide drie en vyf keer oor die stompoppervlakte beweeg het), het onderskeidelik 2.6 m3 ha-1 en 5.1 m3 ha-1 houtvesel verloor. In terme van die totale persentasie van ontginbare houtvesel wat per boom verlore gegaan het, het meganiese ontbaste bome (waar deurvoeringsrollers drie keer en vyf keer oor die stomp oppervlakte beweeg het) onderskeidelik 0.8 % en 1.6 % van die boom se houtvolume verlore laat gaan